How Many Layers Of Skin And Muscle Are There On Your Feet

Bottom office of foot

Sole
Soles of a human'south feet
Details
Function of	Foot
Avenue	medial plantar, lateral plantar
Nerve	medial plantar, lateral plantar
Identifiers
Latin	planta
TA98	A01.one.00.044
TA2	337
FMA	25000
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The sole is the bottom of the foot.

In humans the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to equally the plantar aspect.

Construction [edit]

The glabrous skin on the sole of the foot lacks the hair and pigmentation plant elsewhere on the body, and it has a high concentration of sweat pores. The sole contains the thickest layers of skin on the body due to the weight that is continually placed on it. It is crossed past a set of creases that course during the early stages of embryonic development. Like those of the palm, the sweat pores of the sole lack sebaceous glands.

The sole is a sensory organ past which nosotros can perceive the ground while standing and walking. The subcutaneous tissue in the sole has adapted to bargain with the loftier local compressive forces on the heel and the ball (betwixt the toes and the arch) by developing a system of "pressure level chambers." Each chamber is composed of internal fibrofatty tissue covered by external collagen connective tissue. The septa (internal walls) of these chambers are permeated by numerous blood vessels, making the sole 1 of the virtually vascularized, or blood-enriched, regions in the homo body. ^[1]

The sole and the longitudinal arch of the foot are supported by a thick connective tissue, the plantar fascia. The central component of this tissue extends to the supporting basic and gives two divisions–the medial component and lateral component; thus they ascertain the boundaries of the three muscle compartments of the sole (see below).^[2]

The basic underlying the sole form the arch of the foot. The arches might collapse subsequently in life, resulting in flat feet.

Muscles [edit]

Intrinsic [edit]

First, second, and third muscle layers, and the dorsal and plantar interossei

The intrinsic muscles in the sole are grouped in four layers:

In the first layer, the flexor digitorum brevis is the large central musculus located immediately above the plantar aponeurosis. It flexes the second to fifth toes and is flanked by abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi.^[2]

In the second layer, the quadratus plantae, located below flexor digitorum brevis, inserts into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus on which the lumbricals originate.^[2]

In the third layer, the oblique head of adductor hallucis joins the musculus's transversal head on the lateral side of the large toe. Medially to adductor hallucis are the two heads of flexor hallucis brevis, deep to the tendon of flexor hallucis longus. The considerably smaller flexor digiti minimi brevis on the lateral side can be mistaken for one of the interossei.^[2]

In the quaternary layer. the dorsal and plantar interossei are located between and below the metatarsal bones and act as antagonists.^[ii]

The central compartment is shared by the lumbricals, quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum brevis, and adductor hallucis; the medial compartment by abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi (often considered part of the former musculus); whilst the lateral compartment is occupied by extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis. ^[3]

Extrinsic [edit]

The tendons of several extrinsic foot muscle reach the sole:

• The tendons of the deep foot flexors in the posterior compartment of the leg, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus, passes behind the medial malleolus into the sole.
• The tendon of fibularis longus similarly passes behind the lateral malleolus into the sole.^[4]

Nerve supply [edit]

The soles of the anxiety are extremely sensitive to touch due to a loftier concentration of nerve endings, with as many equally 200,000 per sole.^[5] This makes them sensitive to surfaces that are walked on, ticklish and some people find them to be erogenous zones.^[half-dozen]

Medically, the soles are the site of the plantar reflex, the testing of which can be painful due to the sole's sensitivity.

The deep fibular nerve from the common fibular nerve provides the sensory innervation of the skin between the first and second toes and the motor innervation of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal human foot. Harm to the deep fibular nerve tin can consequence in foot drop.^[seven]

The plantar digital nerves from the medial plantar nerve provide sensory innervation to the pare of the plantar attribute of the toes, except the medial part of the large toe and the lateral part of the piddling toe and the motor innervation of the showtime lumbrical.^[seven]

The proper plantar nervus from the mutual plantar digital nervus provide sensory innervation to the plantar surface of the toes as well as the dorsal attribute of the distal interphalangeal phalanges. It also provides motor innervation to flexor hallucis brevis.^[7]

The superficial and deep branches of the lateral plantar nerve from the tibial nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin of the lateral side of the sole, to the fifth and half the 4th toes, and the nail bed of these toes. They as well provide motor innervation to quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, lateral three lumbricals, adductor hallucis, and the dorsal and plantar interossei.^[7]

The medial plantar nervus from the tibial nervus provides sensory innervation to the pare of the medial side of the sole, the skin of the medial three and a half toes, and the boom beds of these toes. It too provides motor innervation to abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis, and the commencement lumbrical.^[7]

The saphenous nerve from the femoral nervus provides sensory innervation to the medial side of the pes as well as the medial side of the leg. Also, the sural nerve provides sensory innervation to the pare on the lateral side of the pes as well as the skin on the posterior aspect of the lower leg.^[7]

The tibial nerve from the sciatic nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the sole and toes, and the dorsal aspect of the toes. It provides motor innervation to plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus too as posterior muscles in the leg.^[7]

Order and culture [edit]

The purpose of protecting the sole against uncomfortable and harmful impacts of the environment during locomotion initiated the general introduction of footwear in early human history. The achieved protection of the susceptible soles provided for faster and considerably more efficient movement peculiarly in adverse environmental terrains every bit confronting walking or running in bare anxiety.

The sensitivity of the sole makes it an objective for sensual bear upon, tickling or sexual stimulation and also a target for ways of corporal punishment.^[8]

The beating of the soles of a person's bare feet (human foot whipping or "bastinado") with specific objects such as rods and canes has hereby served every bit a ways of corporal penalization and discipline in various civilizations to this mean solar day. The application of this measure is mostly plant in prisons and similar institutions, such equally schools and reformatories. It is as well a common method of physical torture.

In Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and some Muslim countries it is considered offensive to sit down raising the leg so the uncovered sole of the foot is visible and therefore taboo.^[9]

Other animals [edit]

Terrestrial animals using their soles for locomotion are called plantigrade.

In chimpanzees, the soles are furrowed with creases deeper and more distinct than in their palms. In the palms, the pattern density is thickest in the primal role, but in the sole, the density is thickest near the big toe whilst large office of the remaining sole is covered by thick, tight, and smooth skin almost without furrows.^[10]

In bonobos, the blueprint intensity of the epidermal ridges (i.e. "fingerprints") of the palms and soles is considerably higher than in chimpanzees. Whilst the pattern intensity in the palm is the highest of all species of apes, in the sole, the density decreases and is comparable to other apes.^[eleven]

Clinical significance [edit]

This section needs expansion. Yous can assist by calculation to it. (May 2018)

The sole is subject to many skin diseases.

See also [edit]

• Barefoot
• Footprint
• Gait (human)
• Homo skeletal changes due to bipedalism

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006, pp. 418, 486
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ross & Lamperti 2006, pp. 456–61
3. ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006, pp. 438–40
4. ^ Ross & Lamperti 2006, pp. 433, 436–37
5. ^ "nerve endings - barefootr". barefootr.com . Retrieved two May 2018.
6. ^ Brittan 2003
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f k} Tank 2006, Nerves of the Sole of the Foot
8. ^ Rossi 1993
9. ^ Lumsden, Lumsden & Weithoff 2009, p. 223
10. ^ Ladygina-Kohts 2002, pp. 29–33
11. ^ Brehme 1975, Abstract

References [edit]

• Brehme, H. (March 1975). "Epidermal patterns of the hands and feet of the pygmy Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)". Am J Phys Anthropol. 42 (ii): 255–62. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330420214. PMID 1119549.
• Brittan, Patti (2003). Complete Idiot's Guide to Sensual Massage. Blastoff Books. ISBN9781592570959.
• Ladygina-Kohts, N.North. (2002). de Waal, Frans B.Chiliad. (ed.). Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN9780195135657.
• Lumsden, Gay; Lumsden, Donald; Weithoff, Carolyn (2009). Communicating in Groups and Teams: Sharing Leadership. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 223. ISBN978-0-495-57046-2 . Retrieved June 14, 2011.
• Ross, Lawrence M.; Lamperti, Edward D., eds. (2006). Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. ISBN1-58890-419-9.
• Rossi, William A. (1993). The Sexual activity Life of the Foot and Shoe. Kreiger Publishing. ISBN9780894645730.
• Tank, Patrick W. (2006). "Sole of the Human foot". University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.
• Young, Craig C.; Niedfeldt, Marker W.; Morris, George A.; Eerkes, Kevin J. (2005). "Clinical Test of the Foot and Ankle" (PDF). Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 32 (ane): 105–32. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.eleven.002. PMID 15831315.

External links [edit]

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_(foot)

Posted by: bargercueen1966.blogspot.com

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